Established painting traditions remained to a great extent in the 17th century. The Council of 1667 strictly regulated subjects and images of painting, which was at the same time limited by order of the Russian tsar Alexei Mikhailovich. The Old Believers’ ideologist Habakkuk vehemently condemned any deviations from canons in the Russian icon painting.

The painters were supervised by the Kremlin Armory, which became the country’s art center involving the best masters of the 17th century. For 30 years the painting department was headed by Simon Ushakov (1626-1686). A characteristic feature of his icon painting was fixed interest in portrayal of a human face. Thus he breathed life into icons, making ascetic faces look animated.

Such is his icon Holy Image of the Saviour Not Made by Hands. Well-known is his other work Planting the Tree of the All-Russian State. It depicts Ivan Kalita and Metropolitan Pyotr watering a big tree in front of the Assumption Cathedral. The tree branches are decorated with portraits of Russian princes and tsars. Tsar Alexey Mikhailovich stands on the left side and his spouse with children are on the right side. All the faces are very well portrayed. Simon Ushakov is also known for The Trinity icon with realistic details. Simon Ushakov had a great impact on the development of Russian painting.